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Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality, concerning people's inherent growth tendencies and their innate psychological needs. It is concerned with the motivation behind the choices that people make without any external influence and interference. SDT focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-motivated and self-determined.〔Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (Eds.), (2002). ''Handbook of self-determination research''. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.〕 In the 1970s, research on SDT evolved from studies comparing the intrinsic and extrinsic motives, and from growing understanding of the dominant role intrinsic motivation played in an individual’s behavior〔e.g. Lepper, M. K., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. (1973). Undermining children's intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the "overjustification" hypothesis. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''28'', 129–137.〕 but it was not until the mid-1980s that SDT was formally introduced and accepted as a sound empirical theory. Research applying SDT to different areas in social psychology has increased considerably since the 2000s. Key studies that led to emergence of SDT included research on intrinsic motivation.〔e.g. Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''18'', 105–115.〕 Intrinsic motivation refers to initiating an activity for its own sake because it is interesting and satisfying in itself, as opposed to doing an activity to obtain an external goal (extrinsic motivation). Different types of motivations have been described based on the degree they have been internalized. Internalization refers to the active attempt to transform an extrinsic motive into personally endorsed values and thus assimilate behavioural regulations that were originally external.〔Ryan, R. (1995). Psychological needs and the facilitation of integrative processes. ''Journal of Personality'', ''63'', 397–427.〕 Edward L. Deci and Richard Ryan later expanded on the early work differentiating between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and proposed three main intrinsic needs involved in self-determination.〔Deci, E., & Ryan, R. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personalit'. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), ''Nebraska symposium on motivation: Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation'' (pp. 237–288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.〕〔Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. Kernis (Ed.), ''Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem'' (pp. 3149). New York: Plenum.〕 According to Deci and Ryan, the three psychological needs motivate the self to initiate behavior and specify nutriments that are essential for psychological health and well-being of an individual. These needs are said to be universal, innate and psychological and include the need for competence, autonomy, and psychological relatedness.〔 ==Basic theory== SDT is centered on the belief that human nature shows persistent positive features, that it repeatedly shows effort, agency and commitment in their lives that the theory calls "inherent growth tendencies." People also have innate psychological needs that are the basis for self-motivation and personality integration. SDT identifies three innate needs that, if satisfied, allow optimal function and growth: #Competence〔Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. ''Human Development'', ''1'', 661–669.〕〔White, R. W. (1963). ''Ego and reality in psychoanalytic theory''. New York: International Universities Press.〕 #Relatedness〔Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. ''Psychological Bulletin'', ''117'', 497–529.〕 #Autonomy〔deCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation. New York: Academic Press.〕〔Deci, E. L. (1975). ''Intrinsic motivation''. New York: Plenum.〕 These needs are seen as universal necessities that are innate, not learned, and seen in humanity across time, gender and culture.〔Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination perspective on internalisation of cultural orientations, gender and well being. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84'', 97–110.〕 Deci and Vansteenkiste claim that there are three essential elements of the theory:〔Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: Understanding human development in positive psychology. ''Ricerche di Psichologia'', ''27'', 17–34.〕 # Humans are inherently proactive with their potential and mastering their inner forces (such as drives and emotions) # Humans have inherent tendency toward growth development and integrated functioning # Optimal development and actions are inherent in humans but they don’t happen automatically To actualise their inherent potential they need nurturing from the social environment. If this happens there are positive consequence (e.g. well being and growth) but if not, there are negative consequences. So SDT emphasises humans’ natural growth toward positive motivation; however, this is thwarted if their basic needs are not fulfilled. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Self-determination theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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